Everything about Abessive totally explained
In
linguistics,
abessive (abbreviated
ABESS, from Latin
abesse "to be distant"),
caritive and
privative (abbreviated
PRIV) are names for a
grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In
English, the corresponding function is expressed by the
preposition or by the
suffix .
The name
abessive is derived from
Latin abesse "to be away/absent," and is especially used in reference to
Finno-Ugric languages. The name
caritive is derived from Latin
carere "to lack", and is especially used in reference to
Caucasian languages. The name
privative is derived from Latin
privare "to deprive."
Somali
In the
Somali language, the abessive case is marked by
-laa or "-la" and dropping all but the first
syllable on certain words For example:
» jeceyl "love"
jeelaa "loveless"
» dar "clothes"
darla "clothesless" eg
naked
Martuthunira
In
Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with two suffixes,
-wirriwa and
-wirraa. What determines which suffix is used in a given situation is unclear.
| Parla-wirraa |
nganarna. |
| money-PRIV |
1PL.EX |
| We've got no money. |
Finnish
In the
Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by
-tta for back vowels and
-ttä for front vowels according to
vowel harmony. For example:
» raha "money"
rahatta "without money"
An equivalent construction exists using the word
ilman and the
partitive:
» ilman rahaa "without money"
or, more uncommonly:
» rahaa ilman "without money"
The abessive case of
nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent
ilman forms:
» tuloksetta "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
Itkin syyttä. "I cried for no reason."
The abessive is, however, commonly used in
nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix
-ma- /
-mä-), such as
puhu-ma-tta "without speaking",
osta-ma-tta "without buying,"
välittä-mä-ttä "without caring:"
» Juna jäi tulematta. "The train didn't show up."
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
» Juna ei tullut.
It is possible to occasionally hear what is wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and
ilman forms are combined:
» ilman rahatta
There is debate as to if this is interference from
Estonian.
Estonian
Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by
-ta in both the singular and the plural:
» (ilma) autota "without a car" (preposition
ilma is considered a mistake against textual style)
Tallinn boasts a pair of bars that play on the use of the
comitative and
abessive, the
Nimeta baar
(the pub with no name) and the
Nimega baar (the pub with a name).
The
nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix
-ma- and the abessive marker
-ta: » Rong jäi tulemata. "The train didn't show up."
Skolt Sami
The
abessive marker for nouns in
Skolt Sámi is
-tää in both the singular and the plural:
» Riâkkum veä'rtää. "I cried for no reason."
The
abessive-like non-finite verb form (
converb) is
-ǩâni or
-kani: » Son vuõ'lji domoi mainsteǩâni mõ'nt leäi puättam. "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."
Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is still commonly used in Skolt Sámi.
Inari Sami
The
abessive marker for nouns in
Inari Sámi is
-táá. The corresponding non-finite verb form is
-hánnáá, -hinnáá or
-hennáá.
Other Sami languages
The abessive isn't used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a
cranberry morpheme.
In Altaic Languages
Turkish
The suffix
-siz (variations:
-sız,
-suz,
-süz) is used. Ex: Evsiz, barksız, görgüsüz, yurtsuz.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Abessive'.
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